Sustainability through Inclusive and Innovative Development: Los Angeles, United States
ETHOS Issue 24, August 2022
Cities Lead the Way on Climate Action and Sustainability
Cities are truly on the frontlines of the climate crisis. We witness the impact of climate change every day because our residents are the ones fleeing fires and floods, and grappling with drought and heat. There are tragic consequences to inaction, and we, as city leaders, can and should respond with specific policies and programmes tailored to meet the needs of our population.
We are seeing cities around the world become laboratories for progress. They are demonstrating what is possible—from electrifying transportation systems and decarbonising buildings to cleaning their electric grid—because they control many of the key climate levers: building codes, urban planning, public transit, and in many cases electricity generation. Cities are modelling what a sustainable future looks like for not just other cities but also national governments, raising the bar for what’s possible politically, economically, and technologically. In truth, no one is doing more than cities on this issue.
Prioritising historically neglected communities is fundamental to ensuring that the long-term success of our work is felt by all Angelenos.
A Green New Deal for Los Angeles
In 2015, Los Angeles (LA) released its first-ever Sustainable City pLAn. This was accompanied by Executive Directive 7, which institutionalised sustainability within City government by establishing Chief Sustainability Officers in 18 key departments. Mayor Garcetti made a commitment that not only would the city report annually on its progress towards achieving the pLAn objectives, but every four years, the city would re-evaluate its goals and ambitions.
Just a few short years later, the Trump administration announced the US would withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. In response, Mayor Garcetti began working with mayors across the country and the world—through Climate Mayors and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group—to show that cities are still committed to meaningfully address climate change. At the same time, we began working closely with local stakeholders and community leaders to develop a more expansive and ambitious roadmap to protect our environment, strengthen our economy, and build a more equitable future. In 2019, after a year of stakeholder engagement and quantitative analysis, LA’s Green New Deal was released—one of the first city sustainability plans in the world to be compatible with the goals of the Paris Agreement.1
LA’s Green New Deal defines the city’s path to carbon neutrality and is deeply rooted in equity and resilience. The Five Zeros—zero carbon grid, zero carbon buildings, zero carbon transportation, zero waste, and zero wasted water—are backed by 445 initiatives that will not only get us to carbon neutrality but will prevent 1,650 premature deaths, save US$16 billion dollars, and create 400,000 jobs by at least 2050.
To succeed, departments across city government and Angelenos alike must work towards achieving the initiatives in the plan. In my role as Executive Officer for Sustainability in the LA Mayor's office, I help oversee the implementation of the Green New Deal and coordinate this effort both internally and externally.
Because climate change impacts are disproportionally felt by low-income people of colour, environmental justice is a cornerstone of LA’s Green New Deal. Prioritising historically neglected communities in the policies, plans, and investments we make is fundamental to ensuring that the long-term success of our work is felt by all Angelenos. For instance, we know that the urban heat island effect is worst in low-income neighbourhoods. Hence, in 2019, Mayor Garcetti launched the Cool Neighborhoods programme which combines a mix of strategies including planting trees, installing cool roofs and shaded bus shelters, and using cool street pavement in 13 neighbourhoods most vulnerable to heat. This is just one example of how we are making it a priority to implement proven programmes in the neighbourhoods that need them most.
The pandemic opened the door to accelerate other sustainability initiatives.
Urban Sustainability in the Wake of the Pandemic
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic and the fragile economic landscape it engendered, coupled with the environmental crisis, put a significant strain on LA’s resources and slowed some of the city’s sustainability work. However, in some ways it also opened the door to accelerate other sustainability initiatives.
The city expanded bike lanes, put into service more electric buses, installed energy efficiency measures in shuttered schools, significantly expanded affordable housing and rental protections, and deployed air quality monitoring in vulnerable communities. LA also introduced Slow Streets, a community-led programme to open streets for recreational use which has now become permanent in many neighbourhoods.
Beyond LA, when Mayor Garcetti was the Chair of C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, he worked with C40 mayors from around the world to develop the C40 Mayors Agenda for a Green and Just Recovery, to set the stage for a post-COVID-19 recovery that is sustainable and equitable in cities like LA and globally.
LA’s Sustainability Efforts in Action
Under Mayor Garcetti’s leadership, the city has come a long way. In 2013, the city was powered by 40% coal and 20% renewable energy—and today, those numbers have been flipped to 16% coal and 43% renewables. We are the #1 Solar City in America for the eighth time in nine years, with over 35,000 solar rooftops dotting our skyline. After committing in 2019 to not repower three in-basin natural gas power plants, we undertook the groundbreaking LA100 study, the most comprehensive, globally-recognised study of an electric grid as complicated as LA’s, which proved that a 100% renewable energy grid is achievable, affordable, and reliable, and this emboldened us to accelerate by 10 years our 100% clean energy grid goals. We are now building more renewable energy projects than any other city in the US and helped bring online the largest renewable energy plant in the country. Because of LA’s commitment to clean energy, our greenhouse gas emissions have dropped a remarkable 36% from our 1990 baseline, and we are on track to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement by, if not before, 2050.
Fundamental to LA’s Green New Deal is environmental justice and equity. The first and worst effects of the climate crisis are felt by the most vulnerable populations, including communities of colour, those who are low-income, and those in historically polluted areas. Through the Mayor’s leadership, LA has worked to prioritise community-led programmes to address this inequity. With the city’s support, the Green Together Coalition and the Watts Rising Collaborative were awarded US$56 million in the State of California’s Transformative Climate Communities funding. This investment is going towards workforce development, affordable housing, green spaces, tree planting, clean mobility, and other community initiatives in the San Fernando Valley and South Los Angeles, bringing positive change to these neighbourhoods for generations to come.
In 2021, LA launched the first-ever Climate Emergency Mobilization Office to amplify the voices and needs of those most affected by climate change in developing policy and programme solutions. And in April 2022, the Mayor announced a US$21 million Climate Equity Fund that will support mitigation and adaptation programmes like cool roofs for seniors and green job training for under-represented workers. These are some examples of our work to connect community needs to city action.
While LA is in a transition with Mayor Garcetti at the end of his administration and an election in Autumn 2022, there are a number of significant policy measures underway that will fundamentally shift our greenhouse gas emissions and make this city healthier and more environmentally just. We are actively building decarbonisation policies, developing a policy to phase out oil drilling, creating equity strategies to implement our 100% clean energy grid plan (LA100), and embarking on a transformative water supply resilience and reliability initiative called Operation NEXT. Angelenos care deeply about ensuring a healthier, more sustainable, and prosperous LA, and the work of LA’s Green New Deal to initiate these policies has set this city up for success in achieving those goals.
Learn how LA’s residents, recognising the fragility of their natural environment, stepped up in response, taking their leadership on this issue seriously.
Engaging Youth and the Broader Community
While we all share the responsibility for addressing climate change, the impact most heavily falls on the next generation, and these young people are stepping up to respond. Mayor Garcetti saw the importance of these youth voices—leaders in their own right—and put together LA’s first Mayor’s Youth Council for Climate Action (MYCCA) in 2019. The group brings together youth environmental and community advocates aged 15 to 22 years that represent the diversity of LA both in their geographic location and their lived experience. MYCCA’s charge is to develop plans and objectives to help inspire ambitious climate action, raise awareness, and engage Angelenos on solutions.
These youth are turning to their own schools and classrooms and have participated in a movement to encourage climate action in the LA Unified School District (LAUSD)—the largest public school system in the US. With youth advocacy, LAUSD has committed to 100% clean renewable energy by 2030, has installed hydration stations across their campuses to support replacement of plastic water bottles, and is integrating climate change curriculum for its students.
These youth have also worked with elected leaders and city officials from around the world, including a featured presentation at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) LA Exhibit and incorporation of their recommendations on zero waste events in a recently passed LA City Council motion.
This is a powerful platform for young people to engage, and city leaders are eager to connect with them on it.
LA’s natural environment—a globally recognised hotspot for biodiversity—lends itself to an awareness and appreciation of the outdoors, but its vulnerability to smog, wildfires, extreme heat, and droughts also underscores the urgency of climate change. Angelenos have translated that awareness into action.
For instance, LA's dependence on imported water, which fundamentally transformed LA into the major metropolis it is, has been significantly strained due to the record droughts experienced by the Western US. Angelenos have responded by dramatically reducing water consumption by taking shorter showers, limiting outdoor watering, and replacing water consuming appliances. In 2018, they voted to create the Safe, Clean Water Program and dedicate nearly US$300 million per year to increase local water supplies, improve water quality, enhance the public right of way, and protect public health.
This is one example of how LA’s residents, recognising the fragility of their natural environment, have stepped up in response, taking their leadership on this issue seriously.
Balancing Urban Sustainability and Development
The pursuit of both sustainability and development is not an either/or proposition. So many of our biggest challenges are highly interconnected. Treating each as a one-off project—trying to tackle public health one day, then creating good paying jobs the next, then turning to air quality issues when you get to it—creates an endless cycle that doesn’t adequately address any of them. Designing programmes that take a holistic approach, for example building more affordable housing close to public transit lines or repaving roads with cool pavement, addresses both the immediate and long-term needs of the community. We can walk and chew gum at the same time and that’s exactly the approach we’re taking here in LA.
So many of our biggest challenges are highly interconnected. Treating each as a one-off project creates an endless cycle that doesn’t adequately address any of them.
For other cities looking to pursue these aspirations, I won’t lie: it is a daunting and arduous task to develop a sustainability agenda that is an effective roadmap towards your end goals. The only way to ensure your plan is ambitious—yet achievable— is to work closely with internal and external stakeholders. Feedback is fundamental to striking the right balance while setting up programmes that the community actually wants. Without buy-in and support, even the most perfect plan will fail, so I would encourage any leader to listen to allies and critics alike, and work to build a coalition around an agenda that reflects community needs and environmental ambitions.
It is important to set up goals that are as concrete as possible with specific departments or offices responsible for reporting on the progress. By using clear metrics, measurements of success or challenge areas are made more easily identifiable to all involved. This also requires very careful consideration of how one defines success and establishes goals that push cities to aim high. Making this information publicly available in an easily accessible format is critical to holding everyone accountable. Empowering residents with the data is how sustainability plans become tangible climate action.
It is also important to set an agenda that will stretch beyond one’s comfort zone, not only because of the urgency of this issue but because what’s possible in this space is constantly evolving. What might seem impossible one day is entirely within reach the next, as this climate emergency pushes technology, and public and political support, towards new frontiers. As leaders, your agenda should reflect a vision for not just what is attainable, but what is needed to build a more sustainable and resilient city.
NOTE
- See “L.A.’s Green New Deal”, https://plan.lamayor.org/.